Health Care

Differential mechanisms affecting weight loss and weight loss maintenance

[ad_1]

  • Zheng, Y. et al. Associations of weight gain from early to middle adulthood with major health outcomes later in life. JAMA 318, 255–259 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wing, R. & Phelan, S. Long-term weight maintenance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82, 222S–225S (2005).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Phelan, S. & Wing, R. Prevalance of successful weight loss. Arch. Int. Med. 165, 2430 (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aronne, L. et al. Describing the weight-reduced state: physiology, behavior, and interventions. Obesity 29, S9–S24 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M. & Leibel, R. in Treatment of the Obese Patient 2nd edn (eds. R. Kushner & D. Bessesen) Ch. 7 (Springer, 2014).

  • Unick, J. et al. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for individuals with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes: results from the Look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care 34, 2152–2157 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wadden, T. et al. The Look AHEAD study: a description of the lifestyle intervention and the evidence supporting it. Obesity 14, 737–752 (2006).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sjostrom, L. et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in swedish obese subjects. N. Eng. J. Med. 357, 741–752 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sacks, F. et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N. Eng. J. Med. 360, 859–873 (2009).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Unick, J. et al. The long-term effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention in severely obese individuals. Am. J. Med. 126, 236–242 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stanford, F. et al. Comparison of short and long-term outcomes of metabolic and bariatric surgery in adolescents and adults. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 157 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tchang, B. G., Aras, M., Kumar, R. B. & Aronne, L. J. in Endotext (ed. K. Feingold) (MDText.com, 2021).

  • The Look AHEAD Research Group. The Look AHEAD Study: a description of the lifestyle intervention and the evidence supporting it. Obesity 14, 737–752 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Garvey, W. et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat. Med. 28, 2083–2091 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Guo, J., Brager, D. & Hall, K. Simulating long-term human weight-loss dynamics in response to caloric restriction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 107, 558–565 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hall, K. et al. Quantificaiton of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Lancet 378, 826–837 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hall, K., Sanghvi, A. & Gobel, B. Proportional feedback control of energy intake during obesity pharmacotherapy. Obesity 25, 2088–2091 (2017).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ford, E. & Dietz, W. Trends in energy intake among adults in the United States: findings from NHANES. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97, 848–853 (2013).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lewontin, R. The analysis of variance and the analysis of causes. Int. J. Epidemiol. 35, 520–525 (2006).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ogden, C. et al. Trends in obesity prevalence by race and hispanic origin-1999–2000 to 2017–2018. JAMA 324, 1208–1210 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Koethe, J. R. et al. Rising obesity prevalence and weight gain among adults starting antiretroviral therapy in the United States and Canada. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 32, 50–58 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M. & Leibel, R. in Novel Insights into Adipose Cell Functions, Research and Perspectives in Endocrine Interactions (eds. Y. Christen & K. Clément) 121–133 (Springer, 2010).

  • Hall, K. & Kahan, S. Maintenance of lost weight and long-term management of obesity. Med. Clin. North Am. 102, 183–197 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thomas, J., Bond, D., Phelan, S., Hill, J. & Wing, R. Weight-loss maintenance for 10 years in the National Weight Control Registry. Am. J. Prev. Med. 46, 17–23 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Phelan, S., Halfman, T., Pinto, A. & Foster, G. Behavioral and psychological strategies of long-term weight loss maintainers in a widely available weight management program. Obesity 28, 421–428 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M. & Leibel, R. 20 years of leptin: role of leptin in energy homeostasis in humans. J. Endocrinol. 223, T83–T96 (2014).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M., Hirsch, J., Murphy, E. & Leibel, R. The effects of changes in body weight on carbohydrate metabolism, catecholamine excretion, and thyroid function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 1421–1432 (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Munzberg, H., Laque, A., Yu, S., rezai-Zadeh, K. & Berthoud, H. Appetite and body weight regulation after bariatric surgery. Obes. Rev. 16, 77–90 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Das, S. et al. Long-term changes in energy expenditure and body composition after massive weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78, 28–30 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Loos, R., Burant, C. & Schur, E. Strategies to understand the weight-reduced state: genetics and brain imaging. Obesity 29, S39–S50 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Elder, S. et al. Effect of body composition methodology on heritability estimation of body fatness. Open Nutr. J. 5, 48–58 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Khera, A. V. et al. Polygenic prediction of weight and obesity trajectories from birth to adulthood. Cell 177, 587–596 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Unick, J. et al. Weight change in the first 2 months of a lifestyle intervention predicts weight changes 8 years later. Obesity 23, 1353–1356 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tronieri, S. et al. Early weight loss in behavioral treatment predicts later rate of weight loss and response to pharmacotherapy. Ann. Behav. Med. 53, 290–295 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Turicchi, J. et al. Associations between the proportion of fat-free mass loss during weight loss, changes in appetite, and subsequent weight change: results from a randomized 2-stage dietary intervention trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 111, 536–544 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Martins, C., Gower, G., Hill, J. & Hunter, G. Metabolic adaptation is not a major barrier to weight-loss maintenance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 112, 558–565 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thom, G. et al. The role of appetite-related hormones, adaptive thermogenesis, perceived hunger and stress in long-term weight-loss maintenance: a mixed-methods study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 622–632 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dietz, W. & Pryor, S. How can we act to mitigate the global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change? Curr. Obes. Rep. 11, 61–69 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pryor, S. & Dietz, W. The COVID-19, obesity, and food insecurity syndemic. Curr. Obes. Rep. 11, 70–79 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Newton, S., Braithwaite, D. & Akinyemiju, T. Socio-economic status over the life course and obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 15, e0177151 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moore, C. & Cunningham, S. Social position, psychological stress, and obesity: a systematic review. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 112, 418–426 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heymsfield, S., van Mierlo, C., van der Knaap, H., Heo, M. & Frier, H. Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27, 547–549 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Astbury, N. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of meal replacements for weight loss. Obes. Rev. 20, 569–587 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Varkevisser, R., Van Stralen, M., Kroeze, W., Ket, J. & Stenhuis, I. Determinants of weight loss maintenance: a systematic review. Obes. Rev. 20, 171–211 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fitzgibbon, M. et al. Weight loss and African-American women: a systematic review of the behavioural weight loss intervention literature. Obes. Rev. 13, 192–213 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wingo, B. & Ard, T. C. J. Weight loss differences by race. Obes. Rev. 15, 46–61 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • West, D. et al. Weight loss experiences of African American, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic white men and women with type 2 diabetes: the Look AHEAD trial. Obes 27, 1275–1284 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • The Look AHEAD Research Group. Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: the Look AHEAD study. Obesity 22, 5–13 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kinsey, A. et al. Factors associated with weight loss maintenance and weight regain among african american and white adults initially successful at weight loss. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 9, 546–565 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reyes, N. et al. Similarities and differences between weight loss maintainers and regainers: a qualitative analysis. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 112, 449–505 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bergman, N., Davies, M., Lingvay, I., Knop, F. Semaglutide for the treatment of overweight and obesity: a review. Diab. Obes. Metab. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14863. (2022).

  • Jastrebogg, A. et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N. Eng. J. Med. 387, 205–216 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hollander, P. et al. Coadministration of canagliflozin and phentermine for weight management in overweight and obese individuals without diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 40, 632–639 (2017).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tronieri, J. et al. Effects of liraglutide plus phentermine in adults with obesity following 1 year of treatment by liraglutide alone: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial. Metabolism 96, 83–91 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Farooqi, I. et al. Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N. Eng. J. Med. 341, 879–884 (1999).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heymsfield, S. B. et al. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial. JAMA 292, 1568–1575 (1999).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M. et al. Effects of weight change on plasma leptin concentrations and energy expenditure. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 3647–3654 (1997).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hukshom, C. et al. The effect of pegylated recombinant human leptin (PEG-OB) on weight loss and inflammatory status in obese subjects. Int. J. Obes. 26, 504–509 (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hukshorn, C., Meneheere, P., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. & Saris, W. The effect of pegylated human recombinant leptin (PEG-OB) on neuroendocrine adaptations to semi-starvation in overweight men. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 148, 649–655 (2003).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lejeune, M., Hukshorn, C., Saris, W. & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. Effect of dietary restraint during and following pegylated recombinant leptin (PEG-OB) treatment of overweight men. Int. J. Obes. 27, 1494–1499 (2003).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Saris, C. H. W., Westerterp-Plantenga, M., Farid, A., Smith, F. & Campfield, L. Weekly subcutaneous pegylated recombinant native human leptin (PEG-OB) administration in obese men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 4003–4009 (2000).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M. et al. Low dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 3579–3586 (2005).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M., Sy, M., Pavlovich, K., Leibel, R. & Hirsch, J. Leptin reverses weight loss–induced changes in regional neural activity responses to visual food stimuli. J. Clin. Invest. 118, 2583–2591 (2008).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M. et al. Triiodothyronine and leptin repletion in humans similarly reverse weight-loss induced changes in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 315, E771–E779 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wadden, T., Butryn, M. & Byrne, K. Efficacy of lifestyle modification for long-term weight control. Obes. Res. 12, 151S–162S (2004).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bryant, D. T. L. L. M. et al. Efficacy of a commercial weight management program compared with a do-it-yourself approach: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw. Open. 5, e2226561 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hayes, J. et al. Recovery from weight regain among long-term weight loss maintainers in WW. Obesity 30, 2404–2413 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wadden, T. et al. Four-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success. Obesity 19, 1987–1998 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wadden, T., Tronieri, J. & Butrybn, M. Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. Am. Psychol. 75, 235–251 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cornelius, T. et al. How prescriptive support affects weight loss in weight-loss intervention participants and their untreated spouses. Health Psychol. 37, 775–781 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gudzune, K. et al. Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review. Ann. Intern. Med. 162, 501–512 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Curion, C. & Lourenc, P. Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: a systematic review. Int. J. Obes. 29, 1168–1174 (2005).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Donnelly, J. et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41, 459–471 (2009).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ai, X., Yang, J., Lin, Z. & Wan, X. Mental health and the role of physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Psychol. 12, 759987 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • van Baak, M., Hul, G., Astrup, A. & Saris, W. Physical activity, weight loss, and weight maintenance in the DiOGenes Multicenter Trial. Front Nutr. 8, 683369 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, X. et al. Weight regain is related to decreases in physical activity during weight loss. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 40, 1781–1788 (2008).

  • Wing, R., Tate, D., Gorin, A., Raynor, H. & Fava, J. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N. Eng. J. Med. 355, 1563–1571 (2006).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yancy, W. Jr et al. Effect of escalating financial incentive rewards on maintenance of weight loss: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw. Open. 2, e1914393 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yancy, W. Jr et al. Financial incentive strategies for maintenance of weight loss: results from an internet-based randomized controlled trial. Nutr. Diabetes 8, 33 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Flore, G. et al. Weight maintenance after dietary weight loss: systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of behavioural intensive intervention. Nutrients 14, 1259 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sumithran, P. & Proietto, J. The defence of body weight: a physiological basis for weight regain after weight loss. Clin. Sci. 124, 231–241 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sumithran, P. et al. Long-term persistance of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N. Eng. J. Med. 365, 1597–1604 (2011).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Salem, V. et al. Weight loss by low-calorie diet versus gastric bypass surgery in people with diabetes results in divergent brain activation patterns: a functional MRI Study. Diabetes Care. 44, 1842–1851 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Delahanty, L. et al. Genetic predictors of weight loss and weight regain after intensive lifestyle modification, metformin treatment, or standard care in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care 35, 363–366 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McCaffery, J. et al. FTO predicts weight regain in the Look AHEAD clinical trial. Int. J. Obes. 37, 1545–1552 (2013).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Papandonatos, G. et al. Genetic predisposition to weight loss and regain with lifestyle intervention: analyses from the Diabetes Prevention Program and the Look AHEAD randomized controlled trials. Diabetes 64, 4312–4321 (2015).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Larsen, L. et al. Analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected nutrient-sensitive genes in weight-regain prevention: the DiOGenes study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95, 1254–1260 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Batra, P. et al. Eating behaviors as predictors of weight loss in a 6-month weight loss intervention. Obesity 21, 2256–2263 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Womble, L., Williamson, D., Greenway, F. & Redmann, S. Psychological and behavioral predictors of weight loss during drug treatment for obesity. Int. J. Obes. 25, 340–345 (2001).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vogels, N., Diepvens, K. & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. Predictors of long-term weight maintenance. Obes. Res. 13, 2162–2168 (2005).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Munro, I., Bore, M., Nunro, D. & Garg, M. Using personality as a predictor of diet induced weight loss and weight management. Int J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 8, 129 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Price, D. et al. Depression as a predictor of weight regain among successful weight losers in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 36, 216–221 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Labayen, I. et al. Role of baseline leptin and ghrelin levels on body weight and fat mass changes after an energy-restricted diet intervention in obese women: effects on energy metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, E996–E1000 (2011).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shih, L. et al. Leptin, superoxide dismutase, and weight loss: initial leptin predicts weight loss. Obesity 14, 2184–2192 (2006).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, P. et al. Circulating ACE is a predictor of weight loss maintenance not only in overweight and obese women, but also in men. Int. J. Obes. 36, 1545–1551 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hansen, D. et al. Predictors of weight loss and maintenance during 2 years of treatment by sibutramine in obesity. Results from the European multi-centre STORM trial. Sibutramine Trial of Obesity Reduction and Maintenance. Int. J. Obes. 25, 496–501 (2001).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Foster, G. et al. The Eating Inventory in obese women: clinical correlates and relationship to weight loss. Int. J. Obes. 22, 778–785 (1998).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stunkard, A. et al. Weight change in depression: influence of ‘disinhibition’ is mediated by body mass and other variables. Psychiatr. Res. 38, 197–200 (1991).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wolters, B., Lass, N. & Reinehr, T. TSH and free triiodothyronine concentrations are associated with weight loss in a lifestyle intervention and weight regain afterwards in obese children. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 168, 323–329 (2013).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leibel, R., Rosenbaum, M. & Hirsch, J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N. Eng. J. Med. 332, 621–628 (1995).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M., Hirsch, J., Gallagher, D. & Leibel, R. Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained a reduced body weight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88, 906–912 (2008).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Goldsmith, R. et al. Effects of experimental weight perturbation on skeletal muscle work efficiency, fuel utilization, and biochemistry in human subjects. Am. J. Physiol. 298, R79–R88 (2010).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kissileff, H. et al. Leptin reverses decline in satiation in weight-reduced obese individuals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95, 309–317 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rosenbaum, M. & Leibel, R. L. Models of energy homeostasis in response to maintenance of reduced body weight. Obesity 24, 1620–1629 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Unick, J., Pellegrini, C., Demose, K. & Dorfman, L. Initial weight loss response as an indicator for provding early rescue efforts to improve long-term treatment outcomes. Curr. Diab Rep. 17, 69 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dong, Z., Xu, L., Liu, H., Lv, Y. & Li, L. Comparative efficacy of five long-term weight loss drugs: quantitative information for medication guidelines. Obes. Rev. 18, 1377–1385 (2017).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wadden, T., Webb, V., Moran, C. & Bailer, B. Lifestyle modification for obesity. Circulation 125, 1157–1170 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Smith, S. et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N. Eng. J. Med. 363, 245–256 (2010).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • [ad_2]

    Source link

    Related Articles

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

    Check Also
    Close
    Back to top button