The Gendered Impacts of Perceived Skin Tone: Evidence from African-American Siblings in 1870–1940

We are grateful to Nicholas Bloom, Leah Boustan, Levi Boxell, Louis Cain, Gregory Clark, William Darity Jr., Lauren Davenport, Giacomo De Giorgi, Ellora Derenoncourt, Dave Donaldson, Pascaline Dupas, Liran Einav, Katherine Eriksson, Joseph Ferrie, Osea Giuntella, Matthew Gentzkow, Regina Grafe, Avner Greif, Richard Hornbeck, Caroline Hoxby, Lawrence Katz, David Kennedy, Mark Koyama, Trevon Logan, Neale Mahoney, Robert Margo, Joel Mokyr, Petra Moser, Debra Satz, Richard Steckel, Michael Tomz, Heidi Williams, Guillermo Woo-Mora, Gui Woolston, Gavin Wright, and Noam Yuchtman for useful advice. We thank Juan David Torres for excellent research assistance. We thank Joe Price and the BYU Record Linking lab for their help linking individuals across census years. We thank several anonymous referees for their helpful feedback on an earlier working paper by two of the authors (Mill and Stein, 2016), which is superseded by this paper. Jacob Conway gratefully acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation (grant DGE-1656518). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.